Normative Data of Neuromuscular Function in Upper Limb and Its Correlation with Superficial Fascia and Body Mass Composition

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Neuromuscular functions (NMFs) encompass biomechanical and viscoelastic properties that are essential for coordinated movement and muscular control. While NMFs have been extensively investigated in the lower limb, normative data for the upper extremity remain limited, particularly regarding the interaction between neuromuscular properties, superficial fascia, and body composition. As body composition and fascial characteristics may influence neuromuscular behavior and the interpretation of mechanical measurements, this study aimed to establish reference values for upper limb NMF, analyze dominance-related differences, and investigate the relationship between superficial fascia thickness and body mass composition. Methods: A descriptive, non-experimental study was conducted involving 61 healthy adults (122 upper limbs). Assessments included body composition (bioimpedance), superficial fascia thickness (skinfolds), viscoelastic properties (MyotonPro), and isometric strength (handheld dynamometry). Standardized protocols were applied for all measurements. Comparisons were performed between sexes and between dominant and non-dominant limbs. Correlation analyses explored associations between NMF, adiposity, and fascia parameters. Results: Dominant limbs showed slightly greater strength; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Viscoelastic properties were largely symmetrical between limbs, with minimal dominance-related differences. Clear sex differences were observed: men demonstrated greater strength, lean mass, and increased stiffness, whereas women presented higher skinfold thickness and lower muscle tone. Weak correlations were identified between stiffness, relaxation, and strength, as well as between adiposity and superficial fascia thickness. Greater adipose thickness was associated with lower stiffness values in the triceps (rho= −0304; iC95% 0.041/0.528; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Upper limb neuromuscular properties exhibit high bilateral symmetry, with limb dominance influencing strength. Sex and body composition significantly modulate both viscoelastic and functional parameters. These findings provide normative reference values and highlight the relevance of considering body composition and fascial characteristics when assessing neuromuscular function in clinical and sports contexts.